Water mapping, leak control, process optimisation, segregated collection and fit-for-purpose recycling can reduce freshwater demand without compromising required water quality.

Industrial wastewater recycling treats a suitable wastewater stream to a quality that can be safely reused for cooling, washing, utilities or another defined application.

A water audit compares sources, users, quality requirements, losses, discharge streams and treatment performance to prioritise practical reduction and reuse projects.

They can reduce water purchase, discharge and waste-handling costs, but savings depend on treatment demand, energy, chemicals, maintenance and the value of recovered water.